SOCIETAL VALUE SYSTEM AS CORRELATE OF CORRUPT PRACTICES AMONG UNDERGRADUATE OF UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA


SOCIETAL VALUE SYSTEM AS CORRELATE OF CORRUPT PRACTICES AMONG UNDERGRADUATE OF UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA

 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1     
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
        Education is one of the important areas
where governments in both developed and developing economies direct its resources.
The belief is that the result from education expenditures will go a long way in
transforming human, social, economic, cultural and other aspects of the
people’s lives. But however, the paradox accompanying this belief is that,
despite the huge investment in education, there exist no strong evidence of
growth – promoting externalities of education in Nigeria, but rather, education
expansion further deepens social inequalities and inculcate negative social
changes such as cultism, rent seeking, industrial disputes, brain drain among
other social vices in the Nigeria school system and the society at large.
Education funding
comes from different sources. The major one for all levels of government is
public revenue from taxation and proceeds from crude oil. Education funds are
reported to be distributed among primary, secondary and tertiary educational
levels in the proportion of 30%, 30% and 40% respectively (Balani 2003). The
public funding includes direct government expenditure (forteacher’s salaries
and instructional materials) as well as indirect expenditure in the form of
subsidies to households such as tax deductions, scholarship, loans and grants.
It also includes sources of funding education explored by the government like
the payment for Education Tax Fund (ETF)established in 1995, Petroleum Trust
Fund (PTF). Education Tax Fund ensures that companies with more than 100
employees contributes 2 percent of their pre – tax earnings to the fund. It is
mainly for capital expenditures. The main sources of fund that the Nigerian
government has are federal taxes and duties on petroleum, profits from imports
and exports which form the revenue of the federal account and the centrally
collected Value Added Tax (VAT) introduced in 1996.
The Nigerian government was able to finance education sector considerably, as a
result of wealth generated from the sales of oil, whose discovery brought
fundamental changes to the economy of Nigeria. The government of Nigeria allocated
large amount of the wealth made from the sales of oil into expenditures in
various sectors including education.
Government’s ultimate
objective according to National Policy On Education (NPE) thereafter engendered
indiscriminate establishment of institution and increased student enrolments to
mention a few. According to Nwankwo (1992), enrolment in Nigeria higher
education increased from 14, 468 in 1976 to 176,700 in 1996. This pace at which
education had grown in Nigeria particularly since political independence is
unparallel elsewhere among African nations (Adesina 1982).
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
        Education in Nigeria is currently
in crisis. There is less money to spend on Primary, Secondary and Tertiary
education. Education sector complains of under-funding while the government accuses
the sector of inefficient utilization of available resources. The donors argue
that public spending on education should be reduced. At the same time there are
growing changes at the education level.
Moreover, there are increasing complaints about poor standard of education at a
period when globalization demands much from the educational system in terms of
preparation of skillful labour force.
There is a rampant notion which is generally felt in the Nigeria’s education
sector. The incessant strikes embarked by the ASUU and NASUU, Teachers in the
secondary and primary schools etc have really affected the education sector.
Owing to this, the academic calendar have been disrupted, pupils and students
have stayed more than required in their studies. To the employed staff in the
academic institutions, their agitations boil down to the inability by
government to meet up the new salary scheme. More so, it is attributed to the
poor state of the learning institutions, which the attention of the government
is drawn on. These have prompted the researcher to analyze the implication of
government expenditure on the Nigeria’s economic growth.
1.3
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
        The main objective of this research is
to determine the effect of government funding on educational growth in
Nigeria. Other specific objectives are as follows;
(i) To examine the extent to which government expenditure on education leads to
economic growth in Nigeria.
(ii) To identify the limitations and barriers to public expenditures to educational
growth in Nigeria.
(iii) To Proffer policy measures (recommendations) that will encourage
development in the educational sectors in Nigeria.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
        As the federal and state
governments of Nigeria now faces development challenges that are key to both
welfare improvements for the general population and enhancement of the
education sector in particular, this study will act as a source of information
on various methods of adopting effective measures of improving the education sector.
It will serve as a reference point to the policy makers to adequately plan
education funding.
        The findings of this study will also
provide an econometric basis upon which to examine the effect of government
funding on educational growth in Nigeria. Hence, policy makers will be able to
formulate an articulate and comprehensive policy with respect to educational
management in Nigeria.  This research will also provide an objective view
to the relevance of education to Nigerian economy. The findings of this
research will also serve as good resource materials for those that intend to
make further research on the effect of government funding on educational growth in Nigeria.
        It will help students and
researchers to do further work related to this research project. More so,
institutions of learning that may come across this research work can see the
need to enhance funding of the education sector without solely depending on the
government.
1.5 DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY
        The study examines the effect of
government funding on the growth of education in Nigeria from 1990 – 2013.
1.6
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
This research study,
thus, should be viewed as a preliminary analytical exercise designed to address
basic questions about government funding on the education sector in Nigeria.
These includes the following:
  • Does government expenditure promote
    education growth in Nigeria?
  • To what extent has the barriers
    and limitation to educational growth been met?
  • Has government funding on
    educational sector led to the improvement of the standard of education in
    Nigeria?
1.7
HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY

        The following hypotheses are
formulated to guide the study:
1.  Ho: There
is no significant relationship between Government expenditure and educational
growth in Nigeria.
H1: There is a significant relationship between Government expenditure and
educational growth in Nigeria.
2.  Ho: There
is no significant effect on public expenditure in education and economic growth
in Nigeria.
H1:    There is a significant effect on public expenditure in
education and economic growth in Nigeria.
 1.8 LIMITATIONS TO THE STUDY
    This study would have made to cover large
population and geographical area but was limited by shortage of time and
finance.
1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS
    In an attempt to define some of the terms
used in the discourse , philosophical discussions are avoided. The following
are the major terms used in the research with their various operational
definitions;
·        
Expenditure:
is the countable or uncountable act of expanding or paying out or an expense.
·        
Globalization:
the process of making world economy dominated by capitalist models.
·        
Capital:
the means to acquire goods and services, especially in a non-barter system.
·        
Revenue:
all income generated for somepolitical entity’s treasury by taxation and other 


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