PROBLEMS FACING TEACHING AND LEARNING OF BIOLOGY IN NIGERIA


PROBLEMS
FACING TEACHING AND LEARNING OF BIOLOGY IN NIGERIA. A CASE STUDY OF SOME SELECTED
SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN IKERE EKITI, EKITI STATE
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Background to the
students
Statement of the
problem
Objective of the study
Research question
Research hypothesis
Scope of the study
Definition of terms
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
Conceptual framework
Problem of teaching
biology in Nigeria secondary school
Teacher’s
educational qualification

Poor method of teaching

Insufficient supply of biology equipment

Teachers personality / quality
Theoretical
framework
 Empirical framework
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHOD
Design of the study
Area of the study
 Population of the study
 Sample and sampling technique
 Instrument for data collection
 Validation of the instruction
 Method of data collection
 Method of data analysis
CHAPTER
FOUR: DISCUSSION OF RESULT
Analysis of research question
Analysis of research hypothesis
Discussion of result
CHAPTER
FIVE:
SUMMARY
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
Conclusion
Recommendation
References
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Background to the
students
Statement of the
problem
Objective of the study
Research question
Research hypothesis
Scope of the study
Definition of terms
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
Conceptual framework
Problem of teaching
biology in Nigeria secondary school
Teacher’s
educational qualification

Poor method of teaching

Insufficient supply of biology equipment

Teachers personality / quality
Theoretical
framework
 Empirical framework
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHOD
Design of the study
Area of the study
 Population of the study
 Sample and sampling technique
 Instrument for data collection
 Validation of the instruction
 Method of data collection
 Method of data analysis
CHAPTER
FOUR: DISCUSSION OF RESULT
Analysis of research question
Analysis of research hypothesis
Discussion of result
CHAPTER
FIVE:
SUMMARY
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
Conclusion
Recommendation
References
CHAPTER
ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background To The Study
          The term science has to do with
nature; it is derived from the latin word scientia which means knowledge. It is
a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of
testable explanation and predictions about the universe. It can equally be
defined as the field of study which tries to describe and understand the nature
of the universe in whole or part. According to Hyacinth (2004) science in its
broadest scene refers to all human activities involving organized knowledge of
natural phenomena. It also refers to a system of acquiring knowledge here
system uses observation and experimentation to describe and explain natural
phenomena.
Science is a great enterprise which
nations depend on, in-order to advance technologically. Science therefore, is
receiving much emphasis in education because of its significance and relevance
to life and society. Biology as a branch of science and the prerequisite
subject for many fields of learning contributes immensely to the technological
growth of the nation. This includes medicine, forestry, agriculture,
biotechnology and nursing. The study of Biology in senior secondary school can
equip students with useful concepts, principles and theories that will enable
them face the challenges before and after graduation.
          Biology as one of the science subject
is bent in making one to be conversation with the environment he/she lives in
appreciate the meaning of scientific life, to develop unbiased mind and to be
intellectually homes with serve as ideal to the future citizen. Fortunately, it
is a fact that Biology is the commonly chosen science subject of most secondary
pupils are confirmed by the west Africa Examination council (WAEC) record.
            The
term biology is derived from two Greek words “bios” and “logos” which mean life
and study respectively. Biology therefore means the study of life or study of
living things. According to stone etal (1985), biology as a science is defined
as a scientific study of living organisms. It is therefore a natural science
concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their
structure, function, growth, origin, evolution and taxonomy. It have several
branches; including the two big branches of biology which are botany (the study
of plants) and zoology (the study of animals), morphology (the study if
external structure of living things) physiology (the study of how living things
function), Ecology (the study of relationship between living things and their
environments), Genetics (the study of how living things inherits characters
from their parents) Cell biology (the study of cell structure and functions).
            According
to Okeke (2000). Students who did well in biology could have prospects of
becoming: Doctors, Nurses, Pharmacists, Dentists, Biology teachers, Medical
technologist, Food technologists, Genetic Engineers, Microbiologists,
Biochemists, and other science subject.
            Biology
has its origin from Europe but today all the nations of the world accord
priority attention to science and technology in development efforts. The reason
for according such priority attention to science and technology being that it
carries the promises of great economic improvement and equally serve as a
gateway to national development in the age of fast developing technology, has
become necessary for all countries of the world especially the developing ones
to organize and improve the teaching of science throughout the school stage. It
is through science that we get the fundamental bases to develop technology.
            Biology
often overlaps with other sciences, for example biochemistry with biology and
chemistry, Astrobiology with biology and astronomy. Social science such as
geography, philosophy, psychology and sociology can also interact with biology,
for example in administration of biological resources, developmental biology
etc. it is a vast subject containing many subdivisions topics which are five
unifying principle that can be said to be fundamental of modern biology.
1. Cells are the basic unit of life
2. Living Organisms consumes and transforms
energy
3. Organisms regulate the internal environment
to maintain a suitable and constant condition.
4. Genes and the basic unit of heredity
5. New species and inherited characters are the
product of evolution.
            Sub-discipline
of biology are recognized on the basis of the scale at which organisms are
studied and methods used to study them, Biochemistry examines the rudimentary
chemistry of life, molecular biology studies the complex interactions systems
of biological molecules; then cellular biology examines the basic building
block of all life, which is the cell, physiology examines the physical and
chemical functions of the tissue, organs, organ of facts and presentation of
information about the natural world. The pace of the development of a given
country is always determined by the type of education which operates in that
country. What is needed in biology is students involvement in the exploration
of important ideas of biology.
            Effective
teaching of biology is a process by which a biology teacher adopt all the
possible method used in teaching in the classroom to make sure that students
understand biology and be able to respond positively during assessment or to
produce a good result. Teachers’ effectiveness is exhibited in the teaching
method, classroom managements, the material as well as the way students are
being handled, a good teacher always bear in mind the individual differences of
the students while presenting the lesson and frequently check the student’s
understanding of his or her points to make sure that they are getting of
understanding his lesson. This also includes the ability of the teacher to
answer question asked by the students, having knowledge about his or her
subject matter and ability to show students how to conduct appropriate
research.
            Effective
teaching is crucial, in order for students to reach educational success in and
outside classroom setting, therefore, there has been some factors militating
against effective teaching of biology in senior secondary school in Ikere Local
Government Area, which some of them are as follows:
1. Unqualified biology teacher: Inappropriate
training background of science teachers especially biology teachers and
qualification of biology teachers are the major factor that militate against
effective teaching of biology because some biology teachers in some senior
secondary school did not undergo enough training to enable them get skills,
qualities and enough knowledge of the subject matter and how to impact the
knowledge to the students.
2. Poor method of teaching biology in senior
secondary school: For teaching to be effectives one must use different methods
of teaching. According to Eke (2001), teaching is effective if only it produces
or yields the desired results, the ability of the teacher to adapt to different
situations and produce a desired result in the classroom is a mark of teaching
effectiveness. Vennier and Faith (2001) are of the opinion that all the
teaching activities are supposed to produce learning, so that test of effective
teaching will be amount of learning that occurs.
            When
the following methods are used, teaching of biology can be effective. According
to Bigmen (1999), activity method, inquiry method, and discovery method which
elicit student’s interests and enhance their level of attainment or
comprehension of biology. Activity method the methods that encourage students
to participate actively during the lesion while teaching at the same time.
Oforkansi (2008) defined activity method as a method whereby the students learn
through active involvement rather than being passive or being at the receiving
end.
According to Ofokansi (2008), discovery means
finding out. Exploration, manipulation and experimentation are components
scientific enquiry that help one to discover. This approach demand that the
teacher create the problem and allow the pupil/students to find answer for
themselves. The author also said that enquiry involve active participation by
the student/pupil rather than transmit a preconceived notion about situations.
3.Inadequte supply of biology equipment: In
some schools, many laboratories equipments like microscope, glass tube, Beaker,
slide, Bones of vertebrates etc. charts of different animals development,
systems, organs, etc, work book for practical and textbooks are not adequate
for the students in learning of biology. Biology is a science subject which is
all about practical and also when combined with other science subject one will
be able to study courses like medicine, nursing, pharmacy etc in higher
institution. Beaty and Woolnough (1990) are of the opinion that the obsolete
and insufficient teaching of biology in senior secondary schools. They stressed
that the teacher may be competent enough and have all the qualities to impact
the knowledge to the students but to the obsolete and insufficient availability
of biological equipment the aim is defeated.
            Teachers
attitude towards the teaching of biology: the teachers personalities such as
the way the teacher walks, talks, reacts to issues, his/her code of conduct and
dressing code has become the major factors which leads to the ineffective
teaching of biology. It goes with the saying that the personality of such
teacher affect the effective teaching of biology in a great way. Enwieme(2001)
continuous to stressed that teachers personality invariably affect the
effectiveness of teaching of biology. Oforkansi(2008)opinion that personal
qualities do not only enhance teaching and learning but also promotes the tone
of the school as well as the profession.
            In
summary, ineffective of teaching of biology in Nuskka Local Government Area
could be due to the several reasons such as classroom management,
communication, teachers qualification, supply of biology equipment, teachers
personality, negligence of seminars, and workshop by the teachers of biology,
inadequate illustration and practical aspect of biology is another factors,
infrastructural facilities and absences of laboratories etc.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
            Biology
is one of the core science subjects, which is supposed to be the most
interesting subject to students in senior secondary schools. It has been
discovered that the effective teaching of biology has been very important. But
the rate at which students fails biology in result time’s shows that effective
learning has not been attained by these students. Aganga (2000) observed that
“Many secondary schools, especially the public schools have insufficient
competent teachers as well as biological equipment in their different schools”.
Therefore, there is the need to answer certain questions to re-enforce their
effectiveness in teaching.
1.3 PURPOSE OF STUDY
            The
purpose of the study is to find out the problem facing teaching  of biology in senior secondary schools in Ikere
Local government area. Specifically the study aims at finding out.
1.  The extent to which senior secondary schools in
Ikere Local Government Area have qualified biology teachers.
2.  To what extend does teacher teaching method
have effect on teaching and learning of biology.
3.  to examine if  the use of instructional material have effect
in teaching of biology
4.  The extent to which teachers attitude affect
the teaching of biology in Ikere Local Government Area.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
             In the course of this work, specific research
questions to be answered are:
1. Does teacher qualification have effect in
teaching biology in Ikere Local Government Area
2. What method of teaching do biology teachers
usually used in teaching biology in Ikere Local Government Area?
3. To what extent do secondary schools in Ikere
Local Government Area have adequate supply of biology equipment?
4. To what extent do the attitude of teachers
affect the teaching of biology in Ikere Local Government Area?
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
1
2
3
4
Scope of the study
Significance of the study
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