EFFECT OF GOVERNMENT FUNDING ON
EDUCATIONAL GROWTH IN NIGERIA
EDUCATIONAL GROWTH IN NIGERIA
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background
of the Study
of the Study
Education is an important area where
governments in both developed and developing economies channel its resources.
The belief is that the outcome from education expenditures will move a long way
in transforming human, economic, social, cultural activities and other aspects
of the people’s lives. But however, the paradox accompanying this belief is
that, despite the heavy investment in education, there exist no solid evidence
of growth – promote externalities of education in Nigeria, but rather,
education expansion further deepens social inequalities and inculcate harmful social
changes such as cultism, industrial disputes, rent seeking, brain drain among
other social means in the Nigeria school system and the society at large.
governments in both developed and developing economies channel its resources.
The belief is that the outcome from education expenditures will move a long way
in transforming human, economic, social, cultural activities and other aspects
of the people’s lives. But however, the paradox accompanying this belief is
that, despite the heavy investment in education, there exist no solid evidence
of growth – promote externalities of education in Nigeria, but rather,
education expansion further deepens social inequalities and inculcate harmful social
changes such as cultism, industrial disputes, rent seeking, brain drain among
other social means in the Nigeria school system and the society at large.
Fund
for education comes from different sources. The major one for all forms of
government is public revenue from taxation and proceeds from petroleum or crude
oil. Education funds are reported to be shared among primary, secondary and
tertiary educational levels in the ratio of 30%, 30% and 40% respectively
(Balani 2004). The public funding includes direct government expenditure (for teacher’s
salaries and instructional aids) as well as indirect expenditure in the form of
subsidies to households such as tax deductions, loans, scholarship, and grants.
It also includes sources of funding education explored by the government like
the payment for Education Tax Fund (ETF) established in 1995, Petroleum Trust
Fund (PTF). Education Tax Fund ensures that companies with more than one
hundred employees contributes four percent of their pre – tax earnings to the
fund. It is majorly for capital expenditures. The major sources of fund that
the Nigerian government has are federal taxes and duties on crude oil (petroleum),
profits from exports and imports that form the revenue of the federal account
and the centrally collected Value Added Tax (VAT) introduced in 1996.
The Nigerian government was capable to finance education sector considerably,
as a result of income generated from the sales of oil, whose discovery brought
fundamental changes to the economy of Nigeria. The government of Nigeria allocated
large amount of the wealth made from the sales of oil into expenditures in
various sectors including education.
for education comes from different sources. The major one for all forms of
government is public revenue from taxation and proceeds from petroleum or crude
oil. Education funds are reported to be shared among primary, secondary and
tertiary educational levels in the ratio of 30%, 30% and 40% respectively
(Balani 2004). The public funding includes direct government expenditure (for teacher’s
salaries and instructional aids) as well as indirect expenditure in the form of
subsidies to households such as tax deductions, loans, scholarship, and grants.
It also includes sources of funding education explored by the government like
the payment for Education Tax Fund (ETF) established in 1995, Petroleum Trust
Fund (PTF). Education Tax Fund ensures that companies with more than one
hundred employees contributes four percent of their pre – tax earnings to the
fund. It is majorly for capital expenditures. The major sources of fund that
the Nigerian government has are federal taxes and duties on crude oil (petroleum),
profits from exports and imports that form the revenue of the federal account
and the centrally collected Value Added Tax (VAT) introduced in 1996.
The Nigerian government was capable to finance education sector considerably,
as a result of income generated from the sales of oil, whose discovery brought
fundamental changes to the economy of Nigeria. The government of Nigeria allocated
large amount of the wealth made from the sales of oil into expenditures in
various sectors including education.
Government’s
main objective according to National Policy On Education (NPE) thereafter
engendered indiscriminate establishment of institution and increased student
enrolments to mention a few. According to Nwankwo (2002), enrolment in Nigeria higher
education increased from 14, 470 in 1976 to 176,600 in 1996. This pace at which
education had grown in Nigeria particularly since political independence is
unparallel elsewhere among African nations (Adesina 2008).
Statement of the Problem
Education in Nigeria is presently
in crisis. There is no enough money to spend on Primary, Secondary and Tertiary
education. Education sector complains of under-funding in which the government
accuses the sector of ineffective use of available resources. The donors argued
that public spending on education should be minimized. At the same time there
are developing and growing changes at the education level.
However, there are increasing
complaints about low standard of education at a period when globalization
demands much more from the educational system in terms of preparation of
skillful labour force.
There is a common notion which is generally felt in the Nigeria’s education
sector. The incessant strikes embarked on by the ASUU and NASUU, Teachers in
the secondary and primary schools etc have really affected the education
sector. Owing to this, the academic calendar have been affected, students and
pupils have stayed enough than required in their studies. To the employed staffs
in the academic institutions, their expectations boil down to the inability by
government to meet up the new salary scheme. More
so, it is contributed to the poor state of the learning institutions, which the
attention of the government is drawn on. These have prompted the researcher to
analyze the implication of government expenditure on the Nigeria’s economic
growth.
main objective according to National Policy On Education (NPE) thereafter
engendered indiscriminate establishment of institution and increased student
enrolments to mention a few. According to Nwankwo (2002), enrolment in Nigeria higher
education increased from 14, 470 in 1976 to 176,600 in 1996. This pace at which
education had grown in Nigeria particularly since political independence is
unparallel elsewhere among African nations (Adesina 2008).
Statement of the Problem
Education in Nigeria is presently
in crisis. There is no enough money to spend on Primary, Secondary and Tertiary
education. Education sector complains of under-funding in which the government
accuses the sector of ineffective use of available resources. The donors argued
that public spending on education should be minimized. At the same time there
are developing and growing changes at the education level.
However, there are increasing
complaints about low standard of education at a period when globalization
demands much more from the educational system in terms of preparation of
skillful labour force.
There is a common notion which is generally felt in the Nigeria’s education
sector. The incessant strikes embarked on by the ASUU and NASUU, Teachers in
the secondary and primary schools etc have really affected the education
sector. Owing to this, the academic calendar have been affected, students and
pupils have stayed enough than required in their studies. To the employed staffs
in the academic institutions, their expectations boil down to the inability by
government to meet up the new salary scheme. More
so, it is contributed to the poor state of the learning institutions, which the
attention of the government is drawn on. These have prompted the researcher to
analyze the implication of government expenditure on the Nigeria’s economic
growth.
Objective
of the Study
of the Study
The
main objective of this research is to determine the effect of government
funding on educational growth in Nigeria. Other specific objectives are as
follows;
(i) To determine the extent to which government expenditure on education leads
to economic growth in Nigeria.
(ii) To find out the limitations and barriers to public expenditures to
educational growth in Nigeria.
(iii) To proffer policy measures (recommendations) that will encourage
development in the educational sectors in Nigeria.
main objective of this research is to determine the effect of government
funding on educational growth in Nigeria. Other specific objectives are as
follows;
(i) To determine the extent to which government expenditure on education leads
to economic growth in Nigeria.
(ii) To find out the limitations and barriers to public expenditures to
educational growth in Nigeria.
(iii) To proffer policy measures (recommendations) that will encourage
development in the educational sectors in Nigeria.
Significance of the Study
The way federal and state governments of Nigeria now faces development
challenges that are key to both welfare improvements for the general population
and enhancement of the educational sector in particular, this study will act as
a source of information on various methods of adopting effective measures of
improving the education sector. It will serve as a reference point to the
policy makers to adequately plan
education funding.
The way federal and state governments of Nigeria now faces development
challenges that are key to both welfare improvements for the general population
and enhancement of the educational sector in particular, this study will act as
a source of information on various methods of adopting effective measures of
improving the education sector. It will serve as a reference point to the
policy makers to adequately plan
education funding.
The findings of this study will also
provide an econometric basis upon which to determine the effect of government
funding on educational growth in Nigeria. Hence, policy makers will be able to design
an articulate and comprehensive policy with respect to educational management
in Nigeria. Also this research will provide an objective view to the
relevance of education to Nigerian economy. The findings of this research will
also serve as good resource materials for those that intend to make further
research on the effect of government funding on educational development in Nigeria.
It will help students and
researchers to do further work related to this research project. However,
institutions of learning that may come across this research work can see the
need to increase funding of the education sector without solely depending on the
government.
provide an econometric basis upon which to determine the effect of government
funding on educational growth in Nigeria. Hence, policy makers will be able to design
an articulate and comprehensive policy with respect to educational management
in Nigeria. Also this research will provide an objective view to the
relevance of education to Nigerian economy. The findings of this research will
also serve as good resource materials for those that intend to make further
research on the effect of government funding on educational development in Nigeria.
It will help students and
researchers to do further work related to this research project. However,
institutions of learning that may come across this research work can see the
need to increase funding of the education sector without solely depending on the
government.
Delimitation of the Study
The study examines the effect of
government funding on the growth of education in Nigeria from 1990 – 2013.
The study examines the effect of
government funding on the growth of education in Nigeria from 1990 – 2013.
Research Questions
This research study, thus, should be
viewed as a preliminary analytical exercise designed to address basic questions
about government funding on the education sector in Nigeria. These include the
following:
viewed as a preliminary analytical exercise designed to address basic questions
about government funding on the education sector in Nigeria. These include the
following:
1. Does
government expenditure promote education growth in Nigeria?
government expenditure promote education growth in Nigeria?
- To what extent
has the barriers and limitation to educational growth been met? - Has government
funding on educational sector led to the improvement of the standard of
education in Nigeria?
Hypothesis of the Study
The following hypotheses are formulated to guide the study:
The following hypotheses are formulated to guide the study:
1. Ho: There
is no significant relationship between Government expenditure and educational
growth in Nigeria.
H1: There is a significant relationship between Government expenditure and
educational growth in Nigeria.
is no significant relationship between Government expenditure and educational
growth in Nigeria.
H1: There is a significant relationship between Government expenditure and
educational growth in Nigeria.
2. Ho: There
is no significant effect on public expenditure in education and economic growth
in Nigeria.
H1: There is a significant effect on public expenditure in
education and economic growth in Nigeria.
is no significant effect on public expenditure in education and economic growth
in Nigeria.
H1: There is a significant effect on public expenditure in
education and economic growth in Nigeria.
Limitations to the Study
This study would have made to cover
large population and geographical area but was limited by shortage of time and
finance.
large population and geographical area but was limited by shortage of time and
finance.
Definition of Terms
The following are the major terms used
in the research with their different operational definitions;
in the research with their different operational definitions;
1. Expenditure: is the countable or
uncountable act of expanding or paying out or an expense.
uncountable act of expanding or paying out or an expense.
2. Globalization: the process of making
world economy dominated by capitalist models.
world economy dominated by capitalist models.
3. Capital: the means to acquire goods and
services, especially in a non-barter system.
services, especially in a non-barter system.
4. Revenue: all income generated for some political
entity’s treasury by taxation and other means.
entity’s treasury by taxation and other means.
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