ASSESSING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF NATIONAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY ON COMMUNITY BASED INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS

NEMA

Disasters Management: National Emergency Management Agency seeks collaboration – Voice of Nigeria

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Content Page

Title Page ………………………………………………………………………

Declaration ……………………………………………………………………………

Certification ………………………………………………………………………

Dedication …………………………………………………………………………

Acknowledgements ……………………………………………………………………

Table of Contents ………………………………………………………………………

List of Tables …………………………………………………………………………

List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ……………………………………………………

Abstract …………………………………………………………………………………

 

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study ……………………………………………………………

1.2 Statement of the Research Problem …………………………………………………

1.3 Research Questions …………………………………………………………………

1.4 Aims and Objectives of the Study ……………………………………………………

1.5 Significance of the study ……………………………………………………………

1.6 Scope of the Study …………………………………………………………………….

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

 

2.1 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………

2.2 Conceptual Review ……………………………………………………………………

2.2.1 Internally Displaced Persons ……………………………………………………

 

2.2.2 National Emergency Management Agency …………………………………………

2.2.3 Management of IDPS ………………………………………………………………

2.3 Empirical Review ……………………………………………………………………

2.3.1 Mandate of Handling Emergency Disasters …………………………………………

2.3.2 Strategies of Handling Emergency Disasters ………………………………………..

2.3.3 Challenges in Handling Emergency Disasters ……………………………………….

2.3.4 Strategies of Overcoming Challenges in Handling Emergency Disasters …………..

2.5 Theoretical Framework ………………………………………………………………

CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction …………………………………………………………………………

3.2 Description of the Location of the Study ……………………………………………..

3.3 Types and Sources of Data ……………………………………………………………

3.4 Population, Sampling and Sample Size ………………………………………………

3.4.1 Population of the Study …………………………………………………………….

3.4.2 Sample Size and Sampling Procedure ………………………………………………

3.5 Variables ………………………………………………………………………………

3.6 Methods of Data Collection ………………………………………………………….

3.7 Techniques of Data Analysis …………………………………………………………

3.8 Methodological Challenges ……………………………………………………………

CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION, ANALYSIS AND

DISCUSSION

 

4.0 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………….

4.1 Socio-demographic Analysis ………………………………………………………….

4.2 Data Presentation and Analysis ……………………………………………………….

4.3 Discussion of the Findings …………………………………………………………….

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5. 1 Introduction …………………………………………………………………………

5.2 Summary of Major Findings …………………………………………………………

5.3 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………. ….

5.4 Recommendations ………………………………………………………………. …

REFERENCES ……………………………………………………………………… …

APPENDICES

APPENDIX I ……………………………………………………………………………

APPENDIX II ………………………………………………………………………… .

APPENDIX III …………………………………………………………………………..

APPENDIX IV ………………………………………………………………………….

APPENDIX V ……………………………………………………………………………

 

LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.4.2(a) Distribution of Questionnaire ……………………………………………

Table 3.4.2(b) Categories of IDI Conducted ……………………………………………

Table 4.1.1: Socio-demographic Characteristics of the IDPs ……………………………

Table 4.2.1: Views of Respondents on the Mandate of NEMA in the Management of the

Internally Displaced Persons ……………………………………………………………

Table 4.2.2: Views of IDPs on the Strategies of NEMA in Accomplishing Its Mandate in the

Management of Internally Displaced Persons …………………………………………..

Table 4.2.3: Views of Respondents on the Challenges of NEMA in the Management of the

Internally Displaced Persons ……………………………………………………………

Table 4.2.4: Suggestions for Overcoming NEMA’s Challenges in the Management of Internally

Displaced Persons ………………………………………………………………………

 

LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

CIA Central Intelligence Agency

CABIDPs Camp Based IDPs

COBIDPs Community Based IDPs

DERA Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Response

DMO Disaster Management Organization (Ghana)

DOC Disaster Operation Centre (Kenya)

DTM Displacement Tracking Matrix

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization

IDMC International Displacement Monitoring Centre

IDNDR International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction

IDPs Internally Displaced Persons

IRO International Refugee Organization

LEMA Local Government Emergency Management Agency

MDAs Ministries, Departments and Agencies

NCFR National Commission for Refugees

NCP National Contingency Plan

NDMC National Disaster Management Centre (South Africa)

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Content Page

Title Page ii

Declaration .. iii

Certification . iv

Dedication v

Acknowledgements .. vi

Table of Contents viii

List of Tables xi

List of Acronyms and Abbreviations . xii

Abstract . xiv

 

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study 1

1.2 Statement of the Research Problem 6

1.3 Research Questions 11

1.4 Aims and Objectives of the Study 11

1.5 Significance of the study 12

1.6 Scope of the Study . 13

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

 

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Conceptual Review 16

2.2.1 Internally Displaced Persons .. 16

9

2.2.2 National Emergency Management Agency 18

2.2.3 Management of IDPS 20

2.3 Empirical Review 22

2.3.1 Mandate of Handling Emergency Disasters 22

2.3.2 Strategies of Handling Emergency Disasters .. 28

2.3.3 Challenges in Handling Emergency Disasters . 38

2.3.4 Strategies of Overcoming Challenges in Handling Emergency Disasters .. 41

2.5 Theoretical Framework 43

CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction 49

3.2 Description of the Location of the Study .. 49

3.3 Types and Sources of Data 52

3.4 Population, Sampling and Sample Size 53

3.4.1 Population of the Study . 53

3.4.2 Sample Size and Sampling Procedure 54

3.5 Variables 57

3.6 Methods of Data Collection . 57

3.7 Techniques of Data Analysis 58

3.8 Methodological Challenges … 59

CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION, ANALYSIS AND

DISCUSSION

 

4.0 Introduction . 61

4.1 Socio-demographic Analysis . 62

10

4.2 Data Presentation and Analysis . 63

4.3 Discussion of the Findings . 82

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5. 1 Introduction 85

5.2 Summary of Major Findings 85

5.3 Conclusion . . 87

5.4 Recommendations . 88

REFERENCES 90

APPENDICES

APPENDIX I 95

APPENDIX II .. 97

APPENDIX III .. 99

APPENDIX IV . 100

APPENDIX V 101

11

LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.4.2(a) Distribution of Questionnaire 55

Table 3.4.2(b) Categories of IDI Conducted 56

Table 4.1.1: Socio-demographic Characteristics of the IDPs 63

Table 4.2.1: Views of Respondents on the Mandate of NEMA in the Management of the

Internally Displaced Persons 68

Table 4.2.2: Views of IDPs on the Strategies of NEMA in Accomplishing Its Mandate in the

Management of Internally Displaced Persons .. 72

Table 4.2.3: Views of Respondents on the Challenges of NEMA in the Management of the

Internally Displaced Persons 76

Table 4.2.4: Suggestions for Overcoming NEMA’s Challenges in the Management of Internally

Displaced Persons 79

.

12

LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

CIA Central Intelligence Agency

CABIDPs Camp Based IDPs

COBIDPs Community Based IDPs

DERA Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Response

DMO Disaster Management Organization (Ghana)

DOC Disaster Operation Centre (Kenya)

DTM Displacement Tracking Matrix

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization

IDMC International Displacement Monitoring Centre

IDNDR International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction

IDPs Internally Displaced Persons

IRO International Refugee Organization

LEMA Local Government Emergency Management Agency

MDAs Ministries, Departments and Agencies

NCFR National Commission for Refugees

NCP National Contingency Plan

NDMC National Disaster Management Centre (South Africa)

NDMF National Disaster Management Framework

NEMA National Emergency Management Agency

NERA National Emergency Relief Agency

NHRC National Human Rights commission

13

NRCS Nigerian Red Cross Society

OCHA Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs

RUF Revolutionary United Front

SAR Search and Rescue

SEMA State Emergency Management Agency

SPLA Sudan People‟s Liberation Army

UNGP United Nations Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement

UNHCR United Nations High Commission on Refugees

WHO World Health Organization

 

ABSTRACT

Displacement of Persons resulting from human conflicts is becoming an issue of global concern.

Many Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) are settled in camps, but majority of these persons inNorth Eastern Nigeria are based in various host communities. These displaced persons needurgent, stringent and continuous support which is expected from the National EmergencyManagement Agency (NEMA). Therefore, this study is aimed at examining the effectiveness ofNEMA in assisting the community based IDPs, between January 2015 to December 2016, inselected communities of Bauchi State. The main objective of the study was to explore themandate of NEMA in the management of the IDPs with a view to assessing the extent of theapplication of the mandate in supporting the displaced persons. Reviewed literature suggestedthat NEMA draws its mandate from the NEMA Act, which was developed from InternationalDisaster Response Techniques, and placed NEMA in the context of disaster responsestrategies,unveiled some challenges in accomplishing its mandates. Structural Functionalism, atheory which emphasizes on order, stability and consensus in the society was adopted as thetheoretical Framework for the study. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were adopted forthe study. For the quantitative technique, a total of 244 questionnaires were distributed to theIDPs in three communities of Bununu, Tulai and Liman Katagum, of which 229 were retrievedand analyzed. For the qualitative technique, a total of thirteen persons were interviewed in depth.

Of these, four NEMA personnel, one person each from among the IDP leaders, leaders of thehost communities and a community member was selected. The study found that although NEMAhas been mandated to provide immediate support to the victims of other disasters, there was noexplicit mandate on the support to be given to the conflict induced, community based IDPs.

Instead,the type of support given to the camp based IDP‟s is offered to the community based,even though their needs and predicaments are not always similar. The study also found thatalthough NEMA has a viable strategy for the management of persons afflicted with disasters, ithas been hindered from providing effective management of the IDPs by numerous challenges. Itis suggested that a specific policy should be formulated to mandate NEMA to provide servicesfor the community based, conflict or insurgency induced IDPs whose quandary is peculiar incomparison to others. The study also suggest that States and Local Government Counci ls shouldbe mandated to enact Laws that will enable them to fully fund SEMA and LEMA personnel andprogrammes for effective management of human conflict induced, community based IDPs.

15CHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTION1.1 Background to the StudyHuman beings are usually forced to flee from their homes and eventually change their place ofhabitation either temporarily or permanently due to disasters of different origin. If such personsmigrated across their national boundaries in to another country or to other countries, they areregarded as Refugees (United Nations High Commission for Refugees, UNHCR, 2016).

However, when these people move from their place of habitual residence to another place withinthe same nation state, they are termed as Internally Displaced Persons, IDPs (Weis and Korn,2006). Such a disaster which causes human displacement, being natural or man-made, occursuddenly, but requires urgent and stringent action by other individuals to save victims fromsuffering, loss of property and death. Such calamities happen in form of disease epidemics,environmental mishaps and social conflicts (Ajiboye, Akinlabi and Ajokpaniovo, 2015;Teghtegh & Adamu, 2015).

The Global Community, as well as individual Nation States had various schemes by which theyhandle issues of Internal Displacement of Persons, which might have been caused by any kind ofdisasters. In particular, The United Nations intervenes and assists persons in situations of humandisplacements through institutions like the World Health Organization, WHO, Food andAgriculture Organization, FAO and the United Nations High Commission for Refugees,UNHCR. On their part, African countries such as Ghana, Kenya and South Africa respond tothese concerns with organs like the Disaster Management Organization (DMO of Ghana),Disaster Operation Centre (DOC of Kenya) and National Disaster Management Center (NDMCof South Africa). In Nigeria, the National Emergency Management Agency, NEMA, was16established by the Federal Government of Nigeria to provide urgent aid for victims (ofdisplacement or) from all forms of disasters in the country (Cheruiyot, 2014; NEMA Act, 1999).

In recent times, internal displacement of persons results from human conflicts that occur in formof communal clashes, religious skirmishes and insurgency discords. These have becomecommon place in most societies of the world (Cheruiyot, 2014). From the war-torn Middle East,through the various African nations and down to Nigeria, insurgency and other human conflictshave forced millions of people out of their homes to other places, against their own and theirhosts’ wishes. Displacement of persons from their place of habitual residence is a main indicatorof calamity and it has become a major social problem of our time around the entire globe.

Everyday people are forced out of their homes to other destinations for many undesirable andunprecedented reasons. Presently, Europe and other Western countries are battling with theinflux of refugees especially from the warring Middle East. Internal Displacement MonitoringCentre, IDMC (2018) indicates that by the year 2000, there were about 40 million IDPsWorldwide, and in 2014 alone 38 million people were displaced, all of them by violent conflict.

Most African countries also suffer from the consequences of incessant human displacement. Thetrend is prominent in countries such as Mali, Libya, Somalia, South Sudan, Central AfricanRepublic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda (since the case of genocide in 1994) tomention but a few (Ngigi, 2015).

In a report by IDMC (2015), only about 8% of the Internally Displaced Persons in Nigeria live inIDP Camps. The remaining 92% of these persons live in various Host Communities of differentstates of the country. This implies that in this respect, IDPs are categorized into two: Camp-Based IDPs and Community Based IDPs. Therefore, this study focuses on the community basedIDPs, because they constitute the majority of the population. Also, attention is mostly paid by17researchers and government agencies to the IDPs based in camps in spite of their being smallerin number compared to those based in communities (IDMC, 2014; Displacement TrackingMatrix, DTM, 2016; World Migration Report, 2018). Importantly, at the time under review(between January 2015 to December 2016), there is no IDP Camp in Bauchi State where thisstudy is conducted, rather IDP Camps are only obtained in Borno and Yobe States. In otherwords, all IDPs in Bauchi State at the time of the conduct of this study are community based.

The international community had regulations which provide for people to be accommodated byothers in time of need. Such regulations have defined who can be considered as displaced undercertain circumstances. For instance, the text of United Nations Convention for Refugees in 1951,portrayed refugees as exiles who flee across the borders of their country of origin. They arepeople who are deprived of their homes and communities and means of livelihood (Weis andKorn, 2006). However, this UN convention has not made any expression on the InternallyDisplaced Persons, but the acronym is used to describe people who have fled their homes forreasons similar to refugees, but who remain within their own national territory and are subject tothe laws of that State (Central Intelligence Agency, CIA, 2015). In other words, underinternational law, displaced persons are persons or groups of persons who have been forced orobliged to flee or to have cause to leave their homes or place of habitual residence in particularas a result of, or in order to avoid the effect of armed conflict, situations of generalized violence,violations of human rights or natural or human made disasters, and they must have eitherremained within their own national borders (as internally displaced persons) or they may havecrossed an internationally recognized state border as refugees. (Tajudeen & Adebayo, 2013).

According to the UNHCR (2016), while they may have fled for similar reasons (with refugees),IDPs stay within their own country and remain under the protection of their government even if18that government is the reason for their displacement.

According to IDMC (2018), since signing and ratifying the African Union Convention for theProtection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa (also known as theKampalaConvention), Nigeria has developed a National Policy on Internally Displaced Persons(IDPs), which will enshrine into domestic law the protections granted to IDPs in the KampalaConvention, and thus facilitate a coordinated response to IDP needs. As at the time of this studythe Policy in point is still under discussion in the House of Representatives.

However, earlier before the Kampala Convention Nigeriahas established NEMA to provideurgent, necessary and required support for persons afflicted with disaster including the IDPs. Inother words, NEMA may have been mandated by the Nigerian State to provide succor to victimsof disaster which in any case includes those that were internally displaced for natural or humaninduced reasons. Evidence from the literature of NEMA proved that it placed emphasis onproviding urgent material support to victims of disaster. Accordingly, priority remains aroundfood, physical health and protection (OCHA Nigeria, 2014).

NEMA accomplishes its mandate to the community based IDPs through the design andimplementation of strategies. Comparatively, the United Nations strategies involve themobilization of governments and agencies including some Non-Governmental, MultinationalOrganizations its appropriate organs, to support persons in critical situations. For example, theWorld Health Organizations works with Doctors without Borders (also called Medicens SansFrontiers) for the provision of Medical Care. UN also uses Food and Agriculture Organization toprovide Food relief for victims of internal displacement due to any disaster. Also, on their part,other African countries such as Ghana, Kenya and South Africa mobilize support and manpowerfrom their various Ministries and Departments through different Disaster Management Agencies19of their countries to support both Refugees and IDPs (Olagunju, 2006; Olukojalo, Ajayi andOgungbenro, 2014). NEMA in Nigeria also implores the services of the Military, GovernmentMinistries, Agencies and even Voluntary Agencies as a strategy to attain its mandate on theIDPs. Accordingly, to attain its mandate and achieve the objective of assisting the InternallyDisplaced Persons, NEMA is said to be facing enormous challenges in Bauchi State in Particularand in Nigeria as a whole (State Emergency Management Agency, SEMA Bauchi, 2016; Ngigi,2015). Firstly, most African countries are yet to establish Disaster management agencies or evenif they have, their organs are far less experienced and developed than NEMA, hence it sets thepace for others to copy, whereas it does not have where to take any precedence. Again, thesenations also look up to NEMA for capital support. For example, a few years ago, the NationalDisaster Management Centre of Congo solicited relief support and technical guidance fromNEMA on disaster management (Daily Post, May 3,2013). This means that NEMA onlytakesprecedence from UN and other established economies that are not on the same region(Gambo, 2006). In addition, IDPs hosted in many communities in different parts of the countryare not properly assisted by NEMA, and many of them are in obvious distress (David, Danjumaand Manu, 2016; Roberts, Odong, Browne and Sondorp, 2009).

Consequently, this background detail has provided both theoretical and practical needs of findingout the agency’s capabilities of achieving its mandate effectively (providing food, healthcare andshelter effectively for the IDPs). Ithas therefore become pertinent for careful study andunderstandingof the condition of the IDPs and their host communities, in the face of the roleplayed by NEMA in the alleviation of their sufferings. Importantly, this also necessitates theneed for the examination of the services of this organization (NEMA) for the confirmation of theadequacy of its services or otherwise; thereby seeing which areas need improvement or deserve20modifications. As a result, this research study undertook an assessment of the support or servicesprovided by the government through its outfit, the National Emergency Management Agency.

Itmade a thorough assessment of the contribution of the agency to the community basedinternally displaced persons in some selected communities of Bauchi State, North EasternNigeria.Of note, among the North Eastern States of Nigeria afflicted by recent upsurge,especially by Boko Haram insurgents, Bauchi State is the least affected and provides a saferhome for the displaced persons. According to the State Emergency Management Agency(SEMA, Bauchi, 2016), there are over 76, 000 IDPs in the State, above 60% of which are basedin some communities of three local government areas of Bauchi, Tafawa Balewa and Toro. Theagency also claimed that it had offered support to the immigrants at various times.

Invariably, this study has examined how NEMA has played a role in the management of theseIDPs. This management involves provision of material assistance, medical support andrehabilitation. Ultimately, the assessment encompassed a perusal of the mandate, provision ofservices and operations of the agency in terms of the assistance it gives to the mostly humanconflict induced IDPs, who are not based in camps but hosted in various communities chosen forthis study in Bauchi State, North Eastern Nigeria.

1.2 Statement of the ProblemThe issue of displacement of persons is generating some serious concern in many societies of thecontemporary world (Ladan, 2006; Cheruiyot, 2014). This is because, under normalcircumstances, human societies are generally confined to given physical environments and,regardless of the difficulties and harshness of their terrains or weather, such people will remainthere and feel comfortable, unless forced by some circumstances to migrate. Accordingly, eventswhich cause people to be displaced are accompanied with discomfort, sorrow and intense grief.

21In many cases it comes with loss of property and even lives of loved ones. This will eventuallyexert detrimental influence on physical and mental health of the persons involved. The effects ofloss, the difficulty of displacement and the perceived unfriendliness of the new (host)environment are full of serious negative impacts on the physical, psychological, economic andsocial health of the individuals, which reflects that of their society as a whole (Lin, Dean andEnsel, 1986). Men, women and children in such situations move forcefully from their homeswith practically nothing as property. These persons, considered as migrants, described asRefugees or Internally Displaced Persons (Weis and Korn, 2006; Das, 2008) settle, at leasttemporarily, in an entirely new place, desiring some food, clothing, shelter, medication and othernecessities of life.Because of their predicaments, these people constitute a cliché of socialproblem which the society must give some degree of serious concern. These challenges faced bythe Internally Displaced Persons also form a group of personal issues which NEMA should havebeen mandated to manage.

Accordingly, these people who were forced to flee from their homes, have no assured access tointernational humanitarian relief and even less prospect of internal protection from the worstsorts of abuses. They become most destitute of the destitute, those most exposed to hunger anddisease, and abused by governments and rebel movements, the populations with the highestdeath rates among all those whom the humanitarians care for. Further damages include loss oflives and property, collapse of physical infrastructure, disruption of means of livelihood anddisruption of formal education (Weis and Korn, 2008; Sidi, 2015). Having escaped- by barefoottrekking in most instances- from disaster zone (natural or manmade), the predicaments of thesepersons may be reduced if they were to receive viable assistance from communities, agenciesand governments.

22On their part, the receiving societies (host communities) are also threatened with acute shortageof facilities and daily needs as a result of competition over scarce resources. Again, members ofthe host communities may also anticipate disturbance, following an influx of members fromaggrieved communities. The incomers are presumed to have come along with many negativetraits, including criminal tendencies, diseases and unhealthy competition for resources. In manycases the assumptions become real,therefore generate further contention among the twocommunities involved. Naturally, competition over scares resources is inevitable, which maysubsequently evoke discomfort and ill feelings especially among the members of the hostingcommunity. Invariably, for the host communities and other agencies-including governmentofficials, the question of relief and rehabilitation is so far being treated more as charity than aright (Das, 2008). Unfortunately, this sounds disturbing to the affected persons through theirperception of negative notions of being reliant and poor or may have feelings of inadequate selfworth.

This points to a two-way distress: the dependent displaced persons with their agony oflost on one part, and their hosts being either government or a hosting community who may haveto share what they have with the distressed intruders, albeit IDPs (Das, 2008; Ladan, 2006).

Consistently therefore, the challenges have dual implications: for the IDPs on one hand and forthe host community on the other, each needing an aspect of support from NEMA.

Subsequently, Governments and Non-Governmental organizations track the movement of IDPsfrom a point of origin to the next. According to SEMA, (2017) in Bauchi State alone, as atDecember 2016, there were over 76,000 IDPs. But, beyond the statistics, and often ignored,however, are the numerous problems faced by refugees and IDPs that transcend the absence offood, even though food is the main requirement for survival. For example, it has been reportedthat adequate food supplies have never reached over 82,831 IDPs living in host communities in23Yola North, Yola South, Girei, Gombi, Maiha, Yola North and Mubi in Adamawa State, as atSeptember 2016 at the event of incessant attacks on communities by insurgents. (David etal,2016). This is an important problem experienced by the IDPs and major area of contention thatneeded exploration.

The social and psychological consequences of witnessing conflict and subsequent displacementare enormous. For example, experiencing traumatic events could cause emotional disorderswhich in turn could lead to mental disorders and physical ailments. Other social impairmentsincluded overcrowding which affected physical health and contributed to an emotional sense ofloss of freedom; and poverty and loss of land which affected physical health from lack of foodand income, and mental health because of psychological disturbance and uncertainty (Roberts etal, 2009).

Other issues bothering the IDPs include challenges of family disintegration. This is a majorpsychosocial constraint. Others include issues of physical security, threats of forcible return tothe place of origin where conditions are not ripe for return (as in the case of European Refugeesand North Eastern Nigerian IDPs), the right to freedom of movement, refugee statusdetermination, and absence of strong domestic institutional mechanisms for implementing theinternational protection regime. This necessitates the promulgation of programmes and policiesby the countries. So, all these countries also have programmes and policies regardingdisplacement of persons (Lomo, 2000). The contention here is, could NEMA be mandated by thegovernment to manage the community based IDPs and their hosts? If yes, then it should beknown if that is being done effectively.

Another area of contention is that, the IDPs are not suitably assisted by NEMA (David, Danjumaand Manu, 2016). This is to say that NEMA could have some challenges in accomplishing its24mandate on the IDPs in general and those in the communities under study in particular.

Comparatively, the United Nations through its refugee agency, UNHCR (2017) on its partdeclared that it is still searching for solutions because the challenges are enormous. According tothe High Commissioners Standing Committee Report of 2015, while the number of Refugees,IDPs, Stateless Persons and Returnees continue to rise, reliable solutions remain elusive. Supportis only available to a few of the needy. While it is difficult to survive in host communities,returning home is almost impossible for those forced to migrate. This is because they have lostalmost everything they ever had, including houses, businesses and even loved ones (UNHCR,2016).

Invariably, the challenges faced by NEMA in meeting its assistance mandate to IDPs are verysimilar to those stated above. They include the problem of funding and the gap in coordination.

The problem of inadequate materials also emphasizes the gap in coordination where NEMAhardly supervise or support SEMA in discharging their responsibilities. It also brings forth theissue of inadequate security for the IDPs based either in camps or even in host communities. Thecontinued attacks in different parts of Borno and Adamawa states in which over 2,053 personshave been reportedly killed since January 2014, by the insurgent Boko Haram group, thousandsof local people have fled their homes to neighboring states of Gombe, Bauchi, Taraba and thesouthern parts of Adamawa and Borno states putting more stress on the already strainedresources of the host states and communities (OCHA, 2014).

Other constraints and challenges include inadequate staff in terms of numerical strength, lack ofeducated staff and deficient training of staff; non-implementation of Search and RescueOperation Procedure; Lack of awareness campaigns especially as it relates to epidemics (such ascholera, Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis even among the IDPs), inadequate office spaces and25importantly inadequate staff such as nursing professionals. For instance, there are only 2 nursesin Gombe Zonal Office, (NEMA, 2012). Also, according to David et al, (2016), the interventionof NEMA is still inadequate for the IDPs in North-Eastern Nigeria. They argued that, the plightsof these IDPs need to be improved due to the inadequacy of relief materials and the outbreak ofsome diseases. Another important challenge which NEMA find difficult to address in themanagement of IDPs is inadequate provision of food, clothing and beddings. In most instances,food aid is grossly limited.

1.3 Research Questions1. What is the mandate of the National Emergency Management Agency in the management ofCommunity based Internally Displaced Persons in Bauchi State?2. What are the strategies of the National Emergency Management Agency in accomplishing itsmandate on the Internally Displaced Persons in Bauchi State?3. What are the challenges faced by the National Emergency Management Agency inaccomplishing its mandate on the Internally Displaced Persons between January 2015 toDecember, 2016 in Bauchi State?4. How can the challenges faced by the National Emergency Management Agency in supportingthe Internally Displaced Persons in Bauchi State be overcome?1.4 Aim and Objectives of the StudyThe aim of the study is to examine the effectiveness of National Emergency ManagementAgency in supporting the community based Internally Displaced persons in Bauchi State.

Specific objectives include:1. To identify the mandate of the National Emergency Management Agency in themanagement of Community Based Internally Displaced Persons.

262. To examine the strategies adopted by the National Emergency Management Agency inthe management of Internally Displaced Persons in Bauchi State.

3. To evaluate the challenges faced by the National Emergency Management Agency insupporting the Internally Displaced Persons between January 2015 to December, 2016 inBauchi State.

4. To identify the measures by which the challenges faced by the National EmergencyManagement Agency in supporting the Internally Displaced Persons can be overcome.

1.4 Significance of the StudyIn recent times, as human conflicts become common place all over the world, internaldisplacement of persons is of serious concern to scholars, scientists and theorists(Sociologists, Psychologists, Psychiatrists, Demographers and Political Scientists etc.). As aresult of increasing rate of internal displacement as well as the role played by NEMA in itsmanagement, this sociological phenomenondeserves some seriousattention especially in thefield of sociology. This study observed the predicaments of theInternally Displaced Personswho fall into a sudden state of physical, emotional, economic and social distress. Fleeing fromtheir zone of comfort and acquaintance, such people are usually troubled, disturbed,discomforted and full of fear. They need a lot of support to accept the bitter realities and livereasonable lives which is to be expected from host communities, and particularly, thegovernment organ, NEMA. Therefore, the work that explores the role and the effectivenessof such management organ as NEMA had, obviously contributed, in its own way to thebranches of knowledge as mentioned above and in general to the overall field of Knowledge.

In fact, its contribution to knowledge does not stop at the field of sociology alone.

Secondly, due to the rapidly increasing nature of the displacement of persons and its27attendant consequences, nongovernmental organizations, international agencies andgovernments need some guidance on how to improve their operations. In this respect, thestudy on the effectiveness of NEMA in the management of IDPs has practically contributed tothe operations of all care providers, support and management agencies.Nevertheless, this studyhas identified areas of strengths and weaknesses in both theory and practice of support given byNEMA to the community based IDPs. It had examined the problems and prospects of the practicalapplication of support measures (management) on IDPs particularly by the National EmergencyManagement Agency. This illustrates the practical significance of this study.

Thirdly, the study has tremendous policy significance for Governmentsand particularly, theNational Emergency Management Agency. As a social support outfit, NEMA‟s body ofknowledge is boosted by contributions of this study which is conducted outside the agency. Sofar, the bulk of the literature on NEMA has hitherto emerged from within the agency,external theoretical and empirical works on the body being scanty. This work therefore,having explored the subject of support obtained by the internally displaced, has added valueto the existing literature on the agency and its mandate on the IDPs. Granted that NEMA andother Support Programmes have separately received some patronage by theorists,combining the two important matters in theoretical studies has been explicitly scarce.

Therefore, this study has contributed its peculiar perspective in this regard.

Successively, the contributions of this dissertation to the body of knowledge are manifold. It hadcontributed in theory to the fields of knowledge of NEMA, Internally Displaced Persons, SocialSupport to mention but a few. At the conclusion of this study, it has proven to be very significantin future policy review, formulation and implementation. The fact that the study scrutinized therole of government through NEMA in the provision of total support and rehabilitation to the28Internally Displaced Persons, it had also provided practical and factual details of encouragement tothe government. It had also discovered some areas of lacuna or lapses, where policies will bedesired to improve the situation, and where modified actions will be considered for better results.

1.5 Scope of the StudyThis study encompassed a scope of the geographical area as well as the span of the subject (or topicboundaries) outlined for investigation. Therefore, the span of the study in terms of subject includesa thorough assessment of the historical antecedents, organization and functions of the NationalEmergency Management Agency. It has also explored the effects of unplanned displacement on thepersons’ complete state of health in the face of the role played by the intervention of NEMA inmediating the predicament of the Internally Displaced Persons.

In its geographical scope, the study focused on the areas (or communities) inhabited by theInternally Displaced Persons in Bauchi State, North Eastern Nigeria. The study revealed that all the20 local government areas in Bauchi State played host to the Internally Displaced Personsespecially the victims of Boko Haram insurgency. It had also discovered that particularly, somethree Local Government Areas from the Southern Senatorial District play host to more than 40,000out of the 72,000 (over half, which is about 54% of the total IDPs) resident in the state (SEMA,2015). These Local Government Areas which are mostly affected by the influx of IDPs are TafawaBalewa, Bauchi and Toro. Again, the study found that about six (6) communities were identified tocontain higher number of IDPs namely,Bununu, Liman Katagum, Toro, Tulai, Kangere andGalambi. Of these, the study is limited to three communities that host highest numbers in theirLocal Government Areas. These communities are Bununu (Tafawa Balewa); Liman Katagum(Bauchi) and Toro-Tulai (Toro).

Another important dimension to the study is the time scope. The timing here is essentially concerned29about the management modalities adopted by NEMA on the community based IDPS in thecommunities studied. Therefore, the study is interested about a time around January 2015, toDecember 2016, which is 2 years or 24 months, a period where, hitherto, internal displacement wasprincipally at its peak.

 

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